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Gold Filled Mechanical

What is a Pennyweight of Gold? What is a Gram of Gold?

These are the most frequently asked questions we receive at GoldFellow. It's problematic for everyone as it doesn't relate to any measurement we currently use in our daily life. Pennyweights, however are still commonly used in the U.S. jewelry industry but we prefer to use the more accurate and globally recognized Grams (metric) as our unit of measure.

There are 20 pennyweights also referred to as DWT in an ounce. There are also 31.1 grams in an ounce. As we are talking about precious metals I'll use gold in my example throughout this post.

Many of our customers are weighing their valuables on home kitchen or postal scales of either mechanical or digital make. Most measure in grams and ounces, particularly when weighing food. The grams shown on your scale are not the same as the grams used in gold! You are measuring on a device that uses 28 grams per ounce while gold is measured in troy ounces. There are 31.1 grams per Troy ounce. The simplest way to use your home scale is to multiply the number showing as ounces by 20. That's it. If your scale shows 3.5 oz you have approximately 70 pennyweight. 1.5oz is about 30 pennyweight and so on. (Same for silver and platinum)

Ok, now for measuring your gold in grams. The scale shows 3.5 ounces. Multiply by 31.1 and it comes to 108.85 grams of gold. If it's 1.5 oz x 31.1=46.65 grams.

Lastly, if you would like to know a price per gram, follow this formula. $20 per pennyweight is$12.86 per gram. To convert simply divide $20 by 1.555=$12.86. Try $18 dwt divided by 1.555 and you get $11.58 gram.

A useful site to check out for conversions is http://www.metric-conversions.org/weight/grams-to-pennyweights.htm

Hope this is helpful!

Michael Gusky aka Mr. GoldFellow

About Us

As the founder of the largest wholesale gold jewelry manufacturer in the United States, I built a reputation upon doing business ethically. My company supplied gold jewelry to the most respected jewelry stores, department stores, discount big box retailers and TV shopping networks in America. Though I sold my company to Warren Buffet’s Berkshire-Hathaway in 2007, my reputation in the jewelry industry remains impeccable.

Our founders began selling gold jewelry to America's leading jewelry retailers in 1977, ultimately becoming the largest manufacturer and distributor of gold jewelry in the United States. During 30 years of working in the gold jewelry industry, GoldFellow’s™ founders sold and distributed over 50 million pieces of 10kt, 14kt and 18kt gold jewelry such as chains, bracelets, necklaces, rings, earrings and more. That's over 300 tons of GOLD!

Over the course of time, many of these jewelry items ended up in drawers, locked away for safe keeping or at the bottom of your jewelry box.

These gold items are made from precious metal, and with gold prices at an all time high, have significant value when sold to the right company. GoldFellow™ is that company. GoldFellow™ was started with the goal of providing consumers a trusted, safe and convenient way to sell their unwanted gold, platinum and silver jewelry for cash. We now offer our 30 years of expertise to you. GoldFellow’s™ mission is to pay you top dollar for your gold, platinum and silver.

About the Author

Michael Gusky provides helpful industry insights into selling jewelry and information about the benefits of jewelry industry. To know more about Calculating pennyweight, Gold by pennyweight, pennyweight price of gold visit www.goldfellow.com

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Paul Eisle invented the first PCB in 1936. However, it became popular only in the 1950s when the US military started using the technology in bomb detonators. Today, PCB Circuit Boards are an integral part of almost all equipment, like cars, mobile phones, computers and more.

How Is A Printed Circuit Board Manufactured?

To make a custom PCB, first the electronic diagram of the required circuit is prepared using Computer Aided Design (CAD) software. After that the PCB prototype is developed using Computer Aided Manufacturing Software technology.

The common materials used for manufacturing PCBs are: FR4, FR4 High Temperature, Polyimide, GeTek, Rogers, Arlon, Nelco, Alumina, Ceramic, Bakelite, FR1, CEM1, and CEM5. The size and thickness of the board depends upon the requirements of the circuit. The substrate is coated with a layer of copper. Then, using photosensitive coating, the circuit diagram is printed on the board. The undesired copper is etched out from the board to form copper "tracks", called traces. This process is known as Photoengraving. There are two other common methods used for developing connecting traces. PCB milling is a mechanical system where undesired copper is removed with CNC machines. Another process is Silk-Screen printing, where special ink that is etch-resistant is used to cover the areas where the copper traces have to be made.

Once the board is ready with copper traces, holes are drilled into the board to assemble leaded electrical and electronic components. For drilling, special Tungsten Carbide drill bits or laser is used. The holes made are filled with hollow rivets or coated through using an electroplating process, thus forming an electrical connection among the various layers. The next step is coating of the entire board, except holes and pads, with masking material. Materials commonly used for this purpose are: lead solder, lead free solder, OSP (Entek), deep/hard gold (electrolytic nickel gold), immersion gold (electroless nickel gold - ENIG), wire bondable gold (99.99% pure gold), immersion silver, flash gold, immersion tin (white tin), carbon ink, and SN 100CL, an alloy of tin, copper, and nickel. The last step is screen-printing, where the legend and text are printed on the PCB.

Testing Of PCB

Before assembly of components or delivery of Printed Circuit Boards, the board should be tested to find any possible "shorts" and "opens" that could lead to a non-functioning board. A "short" indicates the existence of an undesired connection and an "open" indicates that two points that should have been connected are unconnected. All such errors should be fixed before PCB assembly. It is important to note that not all PCB Manufacturing shops test the boards before shipping, it is sometimes considered an added cost but a vital one to provide a fully functioning board before adding components.

PCB Assembly

Once the board is ready, components are assembled and added to the surface as per the circuit diagram. Some of the common assembly techniques used are surface-mount construction and through-hole construction. Sometimes, a combination of these two techniques is also used for assembly.

Types of Printed Circuit Boards

Single Sided Board

This is the least complex of the Printed Circuit Boards, since there is only a single layer of substrate. All electrical parts and components are fixed on one side and copper traces are on the other side.

Double Sided Board

This is the most common type of board, where parts and components are attached to both sides of the substrate. In such cases, double-sided PCBs that have connecting traces on both the sides are used. Double-sided Printed Circuit Boards usually use through-hole construction for assembly of components.

Multi Layered Board

Multi layered PCB consists of several layers of substrate separated by insulation. Most common multilayer boards are: four layers, six layers, eight layers, and 10 layers. However, the total number of layers that can be manufactured can exceed over 42 layers. These types of boards are used in extremely complex electronic circuits.

PCB Universe offers prototype and production printed circuit boards and Flex PCB circuits at reasonable prices. Get an instant online pcb quotes or browse the site for technical resources and capability questions.

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